All About DRT and DRAT

 Debts Recovery Tribunals and Debts Recovery Appellate Tribunals

The Debts Recovery Tribunals (DRTs) and Debts Recovery Appellate Tribunals (DRATs) were established under the Recovery of Debts and Bankruptcy Act (RDB Act), 1993 with the specific objective of providing expeditious adjudication and recovery of debts due to Banks and Financial Institutions.


At present, 39 Debts Recovery Tribunals (DRTs) and 5 Debts Recovery Appellate Tribunals (DRATs) are functioning across the country. Each DRT and DRAT are headed by a Presiding Officer and a Chairperson respectively. The post of Presiding Officer is equivalent to a District Judge and the post of Chairperson is equivalent to that of a High Court Judge.


Debt Recovery Laws

Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and Financial Institutions (RDDBFI Act), 1993 is an Act to provide for the establishment of Tribunals for expeditious adjudication and recovery of debts due to Banks and Financial Institutions and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.


Securitisation & Reconstruction of Financial Assets & Enforcement of Security Interest (SARFAESI)Act, 2002 is an Act to regulate securitisation and reconstruction offinancial assets and enforcement of security interest and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.


Debts Recovery Tribunals and Debts Recovery Appellate Tribunals

The Debts Recovery Tribunals (DRTs) and Debts Recovery Appellate Tribunals (DRATs) were established under the Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act (RDDBFI Act), 1993 with the specific objective of providing expeditious adjudication and recovery of debts due to Banks and Financial Institution.


At present, 39 Debts Recovery Tribunals (DRTs) and 5 Debts Recovery Appellate Tribunals (DRATs) are functioning across the country. Each DRT and DRAT are headed by a Presiding Officer and a Chairperson, respectively. The post of Presiding Officer is equivalent to a District Judge, while that of the Chairperson is equivalent to a High Court Judge.


1 The Debts Recovery Tribunals and Debts Recovery Appellate Tribunals Electronic Filing Rules, 2020

2 Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest (Central Registry) (Amendment) Rules, 2020

3 The Debts Recovery Tribunals and Debts Recovery Appellate Tribunals Electronic Filing Rules, 2020

4 Notification No. S.O 103(E) dated 2.2.2007 – Security Interest (Enforcement) Amendment Rules, 2007

5 Notification No.1043(E), 1044(E), 1045(E), 1046|(E) and 1047 (E) dated 03.11.2016 regarding various amendments in DRAT and DRT Procedural Rules

6 Notification No. S.O 1837(E) dated 26.10.2007 – Security Interest (Enforcement) Amendment Rules, 2007

7 Notification GSR102(E) dated 22.1.16 – Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest (Central Registry) (Amendment) Rules, 2016

8 Notification No. S.O 310(E) dated 15.5.2013 Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest (Central Registry) (Amendment) Rules, 2013

9 Debts Recovery Appellate Tribunal Recruitment Rules for Group C & D Posts

10 Debts Recovery Appellate Tribunal Recruitment Rules for Group A & B Posts

11 Debts Recovery Tribunals Recruitment Rules for Group C & D Posts

12 Debts Recovery Tribunals Recruitment Rules for Group A & B Posts

13 Debts Recovery Tribunals (Procedure for Investigation of Misbehavior or Incapacity of PO) Rules, 2012

14 Notification No. G.S.R 276(E) dated 31.3.2011 – Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest (Central Registry) (Amendment) Rules, 2011

15 Debts Recovery Appellate Tribunal (Procedure for appointment as Chairperson of the Appellate Tribunal Amendment Rules), 2011

16 Debts Recovery Tribunals ( Procedure for Investigation of Misbehaviour or incapacity of Presiding Officer ) Rules, 2010

17 Debts Recovery Tribunals (Procedure for Appointment as PO of the Tribunal Amendment Rules), 2010

18 Debts Recovery Tribunals (Salaries allowances and other terms and conditions of service of Presiding Officer Amendment Rules), 2008

19 Debts Recovery Appellate Tribunal (Procedure for the appointment of Chairperson of the Appellate Tribunal)amendment Rules ,2005

20 Notification No. S.O 1020(E) dated 20th Sept 2002 – Security Interest (Enforcement) Rules, 2002

21 Debts Recovery Tribunals (Procedure for appointment as PO of the Tribunal Amendment Rules), 2000

22 Debts Recovery Appellate Tribunals (Procedure for appointment as Chairperson of the Appellate Tribunal Amendment Rules), 2000

23 Debts Recovery Appellate Tribunals (Procedure for appointment as Chairperson of the Appellate Tribunal Rules), 1998

24 Debts Recovery Tribunal (Procedure for the appointment of Presiding Officer of the Tribunal) Rules,1998

25 Debts Recovery Tribunal (Procedure) Amendment Rules, 1997

26 Debts Recovery Tribunal (Financial and Administrative Power) Rules, 1997

27 Debts Recovery Tribunals (Procedure) Amendment Rules, 1994

28 Debts Recovery Appellate Tribunals( Salaries, allowances and other conditions of Service of the officers and employees Rules), 1993

29 Debts Recovery Tribunals (Salaries, Allowances and other conditions of service of the Recovery Officer and other officer and employees) Rules, 1993

30 Debts Recovery Tribunals (Salaries, Allowances and other terms and conditions of service of the Presiding Officer) Rules 1993

31 Debts Recovery Appellate Tribunals (Salaries, Allowances and other terms and conditions of service of the Chairperson) Rules, 1993

32 Debts Recovery Tribunal (Procedure) Rules, 1993


The Recovery of Debts and Bankruptcy Act, 1993 (RDB Act) provides speedy redressal to lenders and borrowers through filing of Original Applications (OAs) in Debts Recovery Tribunals (DRTs) and appeals in Debts Recovery Appellate Tribunals (DRATs).


The Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets & Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002 (SARFAESI Act) provides access to banks and financial institutions covered under the Act for recovery of secured debts from the borrowers without the intervention of the Courts at the first stage. Securitisation Appeals (SAs) can be filed with the DRTs by those aggrieved against action taken by secured creditors under the SARFAESI Act.


There are 39 DRTs and 5 DRATs, which are single Member Tribunals. The jurisdiction of DRATs and list of DRTs is as below:


Tribunal Jurisdictions

DRAT Allahabad (Jurisdiction over 6 DRTs)

DRT Allahabad

DRT Dehradun

DRT Jabalpur

DRT Lucknow

DRT Patna

DRT Ranchi

DRAT Chennai (Jurisdiction over 9 DRTs)

DRT Chennai-1

DRT Chennai-2

DRT Chennai-3

DRT Bengaluru-1

DRT Bengaluru-2

DRT Coimbatore

DRT Ernakulam-1

DRT Ernakulam-2

DRT Madurai

DRAT Delhi (Jurisdiction over 7 DRTs)

DRT Delhi-1

DRT Delhi-2

DRT Delhi-3

DRT Chandigarh-1

DRT Chandigarh-2

DRT Chandigarh-3

DRT Jaipur

DRAT Kolkata (Jurisdiction over 9 DRTs)

DRT Kolkata-1

DRT Kolkata-2

DRT Kolkata-3

DRT Hyderabad-1

DRT Hyderabad-2

DRT Visakhapatnam

DRT Siliguri

DRT Cuttack

DRT Guwahati

DRAT Mumbai (Jurisdiction over 8 DRTs)

DRT Mumbai-1

DRT Mumbai-2

DRT Mumbai-3

DRT Ahmedabad-1

DRT Ahmedabad-2

DRT Aurangabad

DRT Nagpur

DRT Pune

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DRT full form, What is DRT, What is DRAT

 DRT full form, What is DRT, What is DRAT


Recovery of Debts and Bankruptcy Act (RDB Act), 1993

The RDB Act, 1993 provides for establishment of Debts Recovery Tribunals (DRTs) with original jurisdiction and Debts Recovery Appellate Tribunals (DRATs) with appellate jurisdiction, for expeditious adjudication and recovery of debts due to banks and financial institutions, insolvency resolution and bankruptcy of individuals and partnership firms and connected matters therewith.The Act aims to safeguard the interest of banks and financial institutions as lenders, while not discouraging borrowers.The Tribunals have not yet commenced taking up insolvency resolution and bankruptcy matters as the related provisions are not yet in force.The Act is applicable to cases where the amount of debt due to any bank or financial institution defined under the Act or a consortium of banks or financial institutions is Rs.20 lakh or more.


Securitization and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interests Act (SARFAESI Act), 2002

The SARFAESI Act, 2002 aims to regulate securitization and reconstruction of financial assets and enforcement of security interest and to provide for a Central database of security interests created on property rights and for connected matters therewith. The Act has simplified the recovery procedure for banks and specified financial institutions for recovery of secured debts from borrowers without intervention of Courts at the first stage. Borrowers can file applications in the Debts Recovery Tribunals (DRTs) against action taken for enforcement of security interest under this Act, with the appellate jurisdiction for such applications lying with the Debts Recovery Appellate Tribunals (DRATs).The Act is applicable to cases where security interest for securing repayment of any financial asset is more than Rs.1 lakh and the amount due is 20% or more of the principal amount and interest thereon. The Act is not applicable to any security interest created in agricultural landand certain properties not liable to attachment under some specified Acts.

DRT Lawyers Advocates DRAT Lawyers Advocates

DRT Lawyers Advocates DRAT Lawyers Advocates

DRT: Debt Recovery Tribunal, DRAT: Debt Recovery Appellate Tribunal

The Debt Recovery Tribunals have been established by the Government of India under an Act of Parliament (Act 51 of 1993) for expeditious adjudication and recovery of debts due to banks and financial institutions. The Debt Recovery Tribunal is also the appellate authority for appeals filed against the proceedings initiated by secured creditors under the Securatizaton and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act.

DRT Act & Rules (Debt Recovery Act)

The Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002

The Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act, 1993

The Security Interest (Enforcement) Rules, 2002

The Debts Recovery Tribunal (Procedure) Rules, 1993

The Debts Recovery Appellate Tribunal (Procedure) Rules, 1994

The Debts Recovery Tribunal (Financial and Administrative Power) Rules, 1997

The Debts Recovery Appellate Tribunal (Financial and Administrative Power) Rules, 1997

The Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest (Removal of Difficulties) Order, 2004

The Securitisation Companies and Reconstruction Companies (Reserve Bank) Guidelines and Directions, 2003

Forms of Application for Registration of Securitisation/Reconstruction Companies

Revised Guidelines for Compromise Settlement of Chronic Non-Performing Assets (NPAs) of Public Sector Banks

Relevant Provision of Enactments Amended/Refered

The Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992, (15 of 1992)

The SickIndustrial Companies (Special Provision) Act (SICA), 1985

There are five DRAT: Debt Recovery Appellate Tribunals in India, situated at Allahabad, Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai. DRATs are appellate tribunals For DRT: Debt Recovery Tribunals. In India there are more than 33 DRTs: Debt Recovery Tribunals, situated at different State/City.

DRT Tribunal, Bankruptcy Court, DRT Court

DRT is Tribunal not a Court. The Debt Recovery Tribunals have been established by the Government of India under an Act of Parliament (Act 51 of 1993) for expeditious adjudication and recovery of debts due to banks and financial institutions. In India there is nothing like DRT court & Bankruptcy Court

DRATs in India

Debt Recovery Appellate Tribunal Allahabad (DRAT Allahabad)

Debt Recovery Appellate Tribunal Chennai (DRAT Chennai)

Debt Recovery Appellate Tribunal Delhi (DRAT Delhi)

Debt Recovery Appellate Tribunal Kolkata (DRAT Kolkata)

Debt Recovery Appellate Tribunal Mumbai (DRAT Mumbai)

DRTs in India

Debt Recovery Tribunal Ahmedabad (DRT 1 Ahmedabad)

Debt Recovery Tribunal Chandigarh (DRT 1 Chandigarh)

Debt Recovery Tribunal Chennai (DRT 1 Chennai)

Debt Recovery Tribunal Delhi (DRT 1 Delhi)

Debt Recovery Tribunal Kolkata (DRT 1 Kolkata)

Debt Recovery Tribunal Mumbai (DRT 1 Mumbai)

Debt Recovery Tribunal Ahmedabad (DRT 2 Ahmedabad)

Debt Recovery Tribunal Chandigarh (DRT 2 Chandigarh)

Debt Recovery Tribunal Chennai (DRT 2 Chennai)

Debt Recovery Tribunal Delhi (DRT 2 Delhi)

Debt Recovery Tribunal Kolkata (DRT 2 Kolkata)

Debt Recovery Tribunal Mumbai (DRT 2 Mumbai)

Debt Recovery Tribunal Chennai (DRT 3 Chennai)

Debt Recovery Tribunal Delhi (DRT 3 Delhi)

Debt Recovery Tribunal Kolkata (DRT 3 Kolkata)

Debt Recovery Tribunal Mumbai (DRT 3 Mumbai)

Debt Recovery Tribunal Allahabad (DRT Allahabad)

Debt Recovery Tribunal Aurangabad (DRT Aurangabad)

Debt Recovery Tribunal Bangalore (DRT Bangalore)

Debt Recovery Tribunal Coimbatore (DRT Coimbatore)

Debt Recovery Tribunal Cuttack (DRT Cuttack)

Debt Recovery Tribunal Earnakulam (DRT Earnakulam)

Debt Recovery Tribunal Guwahati (DRT Guwahati)

Debt Recovery Tribunal Hyderabad (DRT Hyderabad)

Debt Recovery Tribunal Jabalpur (DRT Jabalpur)

Debt Recovery Tribunal Jaipur (DRT Jaipur)

Debt Recovery Tribunal Lucknow (DRT Lucknow)

Debt Recovery Tribunal Madurai (DRT Madurai)

Debt Recovery Tribunal Nagpur (DRT Nagpur)

Debt Recovery Tribunal (DRT Patna)

Debt Recovery Tribunal (DRT Pune)

Debt Recovery Tribunal (DRT Ranchi)

Debt Recovery Tribunal (DRT Vishakapatnam)

Following Appeals can be filed in DRAT:

Against the final orders passed by the Presiding Officers of various DRTs.

Against Interim orders/directions given by the Presiding Officers of various DRTs.

Against orders on MA/IA/Appeal against RO’s orders, etc passed by the Presiding Officers of various DRTs.

Against orders on appeals filed under The Securitisation & Reconstruction of Financial Assets & Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002, passed by the Presiding Officers of various DRTs.

Applications under subsection (6) of section 17 of the Securitisation & Reconstruction of Financial Assets & Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002.

Important Abbreviations:

NPA: Non-Performing Assets

OTS: One Time Settlement

BIFR: Board for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction

AAIFR: Appellate Authority for Industrial and Financial Reconstruction

RDBFI: The Recovery of Debts Due to Banks and Financial Institutions Act, 1993

SARFAESI: The Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act, 2002

OD: Over Due

Debt Meaning & Definition: Debt is that which is owed; usually referencing assets owed, but the term can also cover moral obligations and other interactions not requiring money. In the case of assets, debt is a means of using future purchasing power in the present before a summation has been earned. Some companies and corporations use debt as a part of their overall corporate finance strategy. A debt is created when a creditor agrees to lend a sum of assets to a debtor. In modern society, debt is usually granted with expected repayment; in most cases, plus interest. Historically, debt was responsible for the creation of indentured servants. An amount owed to a person or organization for funds borrowed. Debt can be represented by a loan note, bond, mortgage or other form stating repayment terms and, if applicable, interest requirements. These different forms all imply intent to pay back an amount owed by a specific date, which is set forth in the repayment terms.

Debt Definition: Debt means any liability (inclusive of interest) which is claimed as due from any person by a bank or a financial institution or by a consortium of banks or financial institution during the course of any business activity undertaken by the bank or the financial institution or the consortium under any law for the time being in force, in cash or otherwise, whether secured or unsecured, or assigned, or whether payable under a decree or order of any civil Court or any arbitration award or otherwise or under a mortgage and subsisting on, and legally recoverable on, the date of the application.

Debt word origin: The word comes from the French dette and ultimately Latin debere (to owe), from de habere (to have). The letter b in the word debt was reintroduced in the 17th century, possibly by Samuel Johnson in his Dictionary of 1755 several other words that had existed without a b had them reinserted at around that time.

Kinds of Debt: A company uses various kinds of debt to finance its operations. The various types of debt can generally be categorized into:

1 secured and unsecured debt,

2 private and public debt,

3 syndicated and bilateral debt.

NPA: Non Performing Asset means an asset or account of borrower, which has been classified by a bank or financial institution as sub-standard, doubtful or loss asset, in accordance with the directions or guidelines relating to asset classification issued by The Reserve Bank of India.

NPA – Non Performing Asset Definition: An asset becomes non-performing when it ceases to generate income for the bank on actual realization basis.

DRT Jabalpur Advocates, DRT Jabalpur Lawyers

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DRT Jabalpur Debt Recovery Tribunal

The Hon’ble Debt Recovery Tribunal Jabalpur (DRT Jabalpur) has been constituted by vide notification GSR No. 181 (E) dated 07/04/1998.

Jurisdiction: The territorial jurisdiction of the Debt Recovery Tribunal Jabalpur (DRT Jabalpur) covers:

Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh.

Address: Debt Recovery Tribunal Jabalpur, (DRT Jabalpur)

Shanti Kunj, H.No: 797-II, 2nd Floor, South Civil Lines, Jabalpur, 482 001

The territorial jurisdiction of the Debt Recovery Tribunal Jabalpur (DRT Jabalpur) covers following Districts

Bastar, Bijapur, Bilaspur, Dhamtari, Durg, Janjgir-Champa, Jashpur, Kabirdham-Kawardha, Korba, Korea, Mahasamund, Narayanpur, Norh Bastar-Kanker, Raigarh, Raipur, Rajnandgaon, South Bastar-Dantewada, Surguja, Alirajpur, Anuppur, Ashoknagar, Balaghat, Barwani, Betul, Bhind, Bhopal, Burhanpur, Chhatarpur, Chhindwara, Damoh, Datia, Dewas, Dhar, Dindori, Guna, Gwalior, Harda, Hoshangabad, Indore, Jabalpur, Jhabua, Katni, Khandwa, Khargone, Mandla, Mandsaur, Morena, Narsinghpur, Neemuch, Panna, Raisen, Rajgarh, Ratlam, Rewa, Sagar, Satna, Sehore, Seoni, Shahdol, Shajapur, Sheopur, Shivpuri, Sidhi, Singrauli, Tikamgarh, Ujjain, Umaria, Vidisha…